hanzosbm
Premium Member
Organized crime as the foundation for Freemasonry
By Steven McAfoose
By Steven McAfoose
Many papers have been written regarding the birth of Freemasonry. Its unique blend of secrets, morality, and roots in working guilds is such an odd mix that a great number of theories have been advanced on the subject. What almost everyone agrees on is that what we know today as Freemasonry is an amalgamation of a number of different sources and causes throughout hundreds of years. Exhaustive studies on all of potential sources and their impact on the order can, and has, filled libraries. While a laudable goal, this paper will not attempt to answer all those questions. Instead, the purpose of what is now to be presented to the reader is to put forth a theory on the secrecy built into the original operative guilds in England. It should be noted that the seed for this theory was put forth by Jasper Ridley in his book The Freemasons. Ridley put forth some ideas but did not seem to really explore all of the potential links that will be discussed here. Whether he held these beliefs but left them out of his book is unknown.
In the 14th century, the bubonic plague swept through all of Europe killing massive portions of the population. In England, mortality rates indicate that 30-50% of the population had died off and by the middle of the 14th century, the survivors found themselves in an odd predicament. On the one hand, many nobles found themselves inheriting or able to buy new plots of land cheaply as the previous owners had died. However, those fields still needed to be worked, as did many other jobs, and there were now significantly fewer workers. Such was the demand for these workers that they soon began to charge exorbitant wages for the work they did. The nobility at the time, sick of paying high prices and not at all about to allow peasants to have any kind of upper hand, had the English parliament create a set of laws. The first was the Ordinance of Labourers 1349. This law included several aspects, but germane to the scope of this paper are two key factors. First is the setting of maximum wages which the ordinance of 1349 does at pre-plague levels and later the statute of 1351 does at actual prices.
“Item that carpenters masons and tilers and other workmen of houses shall not take by the day further work except in the manner as they were wont to do, that is to say, a master carpenter 3 d and other carpenters 2 d; a master mason 4 d and other masons 3 d and their servants 1½ d; tilers 3 d and their boys 1½ d; and other coverers of fern and straw 3 d and their boys 1½ d; plasterers and other worker of mud walls and their boys, in the same manner without meat and drink that is from Easter to Michaelmas and from that time less according to the rate and discretion of the justices who shall be assigned thereunto. And those who carry by land or by water shall take no more for such carriage to be made than they were wont to do in the said twentieth year and four years before."
The second is the prohibition against a worker leaving the job before it is completed or a lord attempting to entice a worker away from another job. Needless to say, these laws were not popular with the laborers and some have claimed that it was one of the factors leading to the Peasant’s Revolt of 1381. Reports vary about the effectiveness of the laws. On one hand, according to Gregory Clark in his paper The Long March of History: Farm Wages, Population and Economic Growth, England 1209-1869, of the 20 manors that reported payments for wheat threshing between 1352 and 1353, 15 of them were above the maximum set by law. On the other hand, Bertha Haven Putnam in her book entitled Enforcement of the Statutes of Labourers: During the First Decade after the Black Death 1349-1359 concludes that:
“it is impossible to doubt that during this first decade the wages and price clauses were thoroughly enforced. The fact that rates remained high after the plague by no means proves that the thorough enforcement had no effect; on the contrary, it may prove that, had it not been for the deterrent influence of the levying of penalties under the statutes, the rise would have been even greater”.
Stonemasons in particular were affected by this law due to the traveling nature of their career and the typically long projects they’d be working on. A blacksmith creating a gate might be stuck with his employer and the wages they were offering for a month, but a stonemason working on a castle could spend the rest of his life there. Furthermore, the skills necessary to be a stonemason came only after a significant amount of time making them more valuable, and the jobs differed greatly. Being paid 4 pennies a day, as was the maximum for a Master Mason, for a small church is one thing, but that same pay for working hundreds of feet in the air on a cathedral might not be worthwhile. Yet, here was a law saying that they had to take the work and at the prices as they were fixed. Most other guilds could easily be held accountable to these laws as they worked out of a fixed shop with the same master running that shop for life. Refusing to take a job was illegal, and they couldn’t easily lie saying that they already had another job when the lord can walk in and see that no work is being done. But this was not the case for stonemasons. A lord approaching a master for work at the legal limit of pay could easily be told that unfortunately the master had recently been contracted to another job and wouldn’t be able to work on his project. However, for the right pay, maybe he knew of some masons who would be willing to take the work.
Considering the traveling nature of their work and the fact that the master for a specific job was just one of many master masons chosen for that particular job meant that it was next to impossible to pin down individual workers. While illegal, if masons working on a job found work elsewhere at a better rate, they could leave in the night and work on another project, even as the master of the project if need be. Only the master of that particular project could easily be held accountable and even then, only after he had accepted the commission. In fact, Tony McAleavy in his book Life in a Medieval Castle says that Edward III had the masons working on the rebuilding of Windsor made to wear distinctive red clothes so they could be identified if they attempted to flee. He also includes a quote (which has not been able to be verified) which shows this picture continue.
“Almost all the mason and carpenters throughout England were brought to Windsor Castle, so that hardly anyone else could have any good mason or carpenter, except in secret” (supposedly from the Polychronicon, but which this author was not able to find within that document).
Now we see that stonemasons were working in secret on other projects. But if wages were capped, why would it matter which project a mason was working on? And why risk punishment by refusing to work for the king? In the Calendar of Close Rolls of Edward III, Volume 11 1360-1364, there is an entry on membrane 36d dated March 12, 1362 in Westminster which reads:
“To the sheriffs of London. Order, under pain of forfeiture, upon sight of these presents, to cause proclamation to be made forbidding any religious person or other master, clerk or layman, on pain of forfeiture, to hire or retain masons for cutting or laying stone without the king’s special command, to make inquisition what masons, craftsmen and workmen have withdrawn from the king’s works in any place, and to take them wherever found, within liberties or without, and safe keep them in Neugate prison until further order be taken for their punishment, certifying under their seals in chancery from time to time the names of those so taken; as for excessive gain and gifts taken by such men for salary and wages in divers parts of the realm contrary to the statute, almost all the masons and craftsmen hired for the king’s works in his castles of Wyndesore, Haddeleye and Shepeye and in other manors and places have secretly withdrawn, and are retained with religious persons and other masters, clerks and laymen, to the king’s hurt and the hindrance of his works, whereat he is moved to anger.”
From these examples we can see that there was a history of masons leaving their jobs and being hired away by more profitable ventures. But is there any evidence that this was anything other than a few individual masons not conforming to the rules? There is. In about 1383, John Wycliffe wrote the following:
“Also men of sutel craft, as fre masons and othere, semen openly cursed bi this sentence. For thei conspiren togidere that no man of here craft schal take lesse on a day that thei setten, thoug he schulde bi good conscience take moche lesse, and that noon of hem schal make sade trewe werk to lette othere mennus wynnyng of the craft, and that non of hem schal do ougt but only hewe stone, thoug he mygt profit his maistir twenty pound bi o daies werk bi leggyng on a wal, withouten harm or penyng himself. See hou this wicked peple conspireth agenst treuthe and charite, and comyn profit of the lond, and ponyschith hem that helpen frely here neigeboris.”
Now the story begins to emerge of a group of workers conspiring together to fix prices and collectively, and illegally, bargain. Much like a modern day union, the stonemasons were able to band together in illegal activities to make more money than the law would allow.
This too explains the need for secrecy. Within the Masonic community there has always been the story told that secret modes of recognition were used to ensure that a mason travelling from a long distance had truly been trained correctly. Unfortunately, this explanation really doesn’t hold up. An inexperienced man trying to pretend he was a mason would be found out as soon as tools met the stone. Not only would he be found out within a day, thus ensuring he would not receive any pay, but he would likely be punished for his lies. However, when looking at this in the light of a group that had conspired together for higher wages, it begins to make sense.
Remember that many of the men on the worksite might not know each other and there were many different trades working side by side, yet all under the direction of the master and his wardens. At a given interval the workers would come to collect their pay. It might be daily or weekly, but whenever it was, the craftsmen would come to the warden to be paid their wages. Different jobs had different wages, and the masons were secretly getting a much higher wage. Obviously, it needed to be communicated to the warden that the man was a mason and of what level in order that he get paid his illicit wages. Was this the original purpose of the secret grips and words that Masons use to identify one another? We don’t know. In fact, we don’t really know if there were any kinds of modes of recognition at that time. The earliest indication of any signs, grips, or words is from the Harleian Manuscript in 1650.
“There is severall words & signes of a free mason to be reveiled to yu wch as yu will answr before God at the Great & terrible day of Judgmt yu keep secret & not to revaile the same in the heares of any person or to any but to the Mrs. & fellows of the said society of free masons so helpe me God, &c.”
So is there any evidence of any secrets at all in the timeframe we are discussing? The earliest Masonic texts are histories of the Order and a list of charges. One might assume that if there were secrets that keeping those secrets would be one of the charges. And in fact, there is something to that effect. The earliest Masonic document we have is the Regius Poem dated to 1390. In it are a list of charges including the ‘Third Point’:
“The third point must be severly,
With the ‘prentice know it well,
His master’s counsel he keep and close,
And his fellows by his good purpose;
The privities of the chamber tell he no man,
Nor in the lodge whatsoever they do;
Whatsoever thou hearest or seest them do,
Tell it no man wheresoever you go;
The counsel of hall, and even of bower,
Keep it well to great honour,
Lest it would turn thyself to blame,
And bring the craft into great shame.”
This naturally begs the question ‘why would the secret discussions within the lodge bring great shame to the craft if non-Masons were to learn about them?’. Freemasons have long said that our secrets are not shameful, yet here in the 14th century, we have indication that they felt otherwise at the time. Was it due to price fixing or something else? We will likely never know, however here at least we have a theory that could reasonably explain the secrecy within operative masonic lodges.
This theory also offers a possible motive for nobility and later aristocrats to begin close association with these guilds. There is no way to know when the first speculative members started to join. The earliest documentation we have of a group of speculative masons is the initiation of Elias Ashmole in 1646 into a lodge. However, he names those present at his initiation and none of them belonged to the stonemason’s trade. Could there have been operative masons not in attendance? Perhaps, but it seems odd that every man there was speculative; not a single operative. How long had speculative masons been around prior to Brother Ashmole’s initiation? We have no way of knowing. However, we do have a very long line of notable people endorsing the masons, and if anything of the old origin myths is to be believed, even belonging to the craft. In 1736 William St. Clair publically tendered his resignation of the office of hereditary Grand Master of Masons in Scotland claiming that this title went back to Sir William St. Clair in 1441. While the fact of this matter has been contested by historians, it is worth noting. While it is not likely that nobles attended the meetings of operative masons, it would not be a far stretch to imagine some kind of recognition for the nobility that was willing to play along with the masons in terms of the price fixing that was happening; a kind of quid pro quo exchanging the patronage of notable figures for a discount in wages or at least willingness to work on their projects when they could be working elsewhere.
This paper has been written to present a theory; one which will almost certainly never be able to be verified. However, in great tradition of the freethinkers who came before, it is felt that this paper opens a new avenue and perhaps some constructive dialogue. Hopefully this paper prompts some thought on the behalf of the reader and sparks a desire to seek out more light.